Clinical and educational use of artificial intelligence in oral and maxillofacial surgery: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

Abstract:
Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly applied in oral and maxillofacial surgery, enhancing diagnostic imaging, treatment planning, and simulation-based training. Its potential to improve accuracy, support complex decision-making, and strengthen educational initiatives is well recognized.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practical use of AI among oral and maxillofacial surgeons in both clinical and educational contexts.

Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was conducted with 150 surgeons from academic institutions and private practices in Karachi between June and December 2024. Participants were recruited through convenience sampling and completed a validated, pilot-tested questionnaire addressing demographics, AI awareness, attitudes, usage, and perceived barriers. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 26, with descriptive statistics summarizing trends and chi-square tests assessing associations between demographic factors and AI-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (p < 0.05).
Results: Of the respondents, 58% demonstrated moderate understanding of AI in diagnostic imaging and treatment planning, while 40% recognized its role in simulation-based education. Positive attitudes were reported by 62%, yet only 35% actively applied AI tools. Surgeons with more than 10 years of experience exhibited significantly higher knowledge, and academic affiliation correlated with more favorable attitudes. Reported barriers included limited access to technology (48%), lack of formal training (42%), and ethical or legal concerns (38%).

Conclusion: Most surgeons showed moderate awareness of AI in clinical practice, though fewer acknowledged its educational applications. Findings highlight the need for improved access, structured training, and ethical frameworks to support AI integration in oral and maxillofacial surgery.