Prevalence and determinants of tobacco use (smoked and smokeless) among university students in Karachi: a cross-sectional study

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Background:
Tobacco use among university students is an emerging public health concern in developing countries like Pakistan. Understanding the prevalence and determinants of both smoked and smokeless tobacco use is essential for developing effective prevention strategies.

Objective:
To assess the prevalence, patterns, and determinants of tobacco use among university students in Karachi.

Methodology:

A six-month cross-sectional study was conducted among 350 university students in Karachi using convenience sampling. Participants aged ≥18 years provided informed consent. Data were collected through a structured, self-administered questionnaire assessing demographics, tobacco use, social influences, cessation intentions, and awareness. Independent variables included demographic and behavioral factors, while dependent variables included tobacco use patterns and cessation behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS v24, with continuous variables expressed as mean ± SD and categorical variables as frequencies and percentages.

Results:
Participants had a mean age of 24.6 ± 4.6 years with balanced gender distribution. Most were from private universities and health sciences disciplines. Tobacco use was predominantly occasional, with initiation commonly between 18–21 years. Smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes were frequently used. Peer influence and curiosity were major determinants, with many students exposed to tobacco use among friends and family. Despite adequate awareness of health risks, many participants had attempted quitting and showed willingness to quit.

Conclusion:
Tobacco use among university students in Karachi is largely experimental and socially driven. Targeted interventions, including peer-led education, awareness campaigns, and stronger institutional tobacco control policies, are needed.